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November/December 2008
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) is the leading advocate of fire prevention and is an authoritative source on public safety.1 The National Electrical Code, one of the 300 codes and standards published by NFPA, is a true consensus based code process. Changes are not made to the National Electrical Code unless such changes are [...]
NEC-2008 has a new Article 708, Critical Operations Power Systems (COPS). COPS are defined as “power systems for facilities or parts of facilities that require continuous operation for the reasons of public safety, emergency management, national security, or business continuity.” The article also defines designated critical operations areas (DCOA) as “areas within a facility or [...]
In today’s electrical environment, many installed ground rod electrodes do not meet the requirements of the National Electrical Code. Ground rods less than 0.625 in diameter, rods that were cut in half either because of driving difficulty or to reduce expenses, or rods with less than the required coating thickness (e.g., copper, zinc) are all [...]
Five to ten times per day, an electrical arc-flash accident occurs that seriously injures or kills someone in the United States. Standards such as NFPA 70E and electrically safe work practices are now in place to reduce these accident statistics, and OSHA enforces these published safety standards. Electrical accidents are devastating to the affected workers [...]
Photovoltaic power systems can be examined in a number of different ways as we have done in the last few years in the “Perspectives on PV” series of articles. In this article and the next few articles in the series, let’s start at the modules at the “top” of the system and progress through the [...]
Technology of fuel dispensers has kept pace with the fast-paced society of today. Present day fuel dispensers often come configured with a multitude of options. Fuel dispenser designs in the past incorporated only basic circuits related to a suction pump and an on/off switch. Dispensers today come with LCD displays and have options that range [...]
Retrofit kits are routinely used to upgrade or change the functionality of products. There is no truer example of this than fuel dispenser retrofits. Fuel dispenser retrofits allow station owners to upgrade existing fuel dispensers to the latest technologies or to comply with local vapor recovery regulations. Retrofits allow such adjustments with the advantages of [...]
The recent article in the IAEI News outlining the background, purpose, and need for energy codes, energy conservation and sustainable construction should serve as a wakeup call to the electrical industry. Energy codes are not new; the first energy conservation code appeared in the seventies as a reaction to that decade’s energy crisis. However, the [...]
Customers have expressed concerns about products entering the market that do not always comply with existing standards. We have prepared this document to address these concerns. The listing mark from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), or any other nationally recognized testing laboratory (NRTL), is considered an industry stamp of approval. While UL has a good follow-up program [...]
Protection Required There’s a lot of talk about protection going on currently. Personal protection, internet protection, home protection, neighborhood protection… the list goes on and on. Because results of a recent IAEI members survey show interest in more basic code training, this article will focus on a basic but essential requirement for most any electrical [...]